Sensors for car for Bmw

Sensors are devices that transmit information via an electrical signal to electronic control units of systems or directly to the actuators of various vehicle systems. At the dawn of the automotive industry, only a couple of sensors were used in cars: a coolant temperature sensor and a fuel level sensor in the tank. In modern cars, more than one hundred sensors are used to ensure the operation of many vehicle systems, including the engine, transmission, suspension, microclimate, safety, and others. The number of sensors depends on the make, model, and configuration of the car. Recently, digital signal sensors have almost completely replaced analog sensors. This process is inevitable, and now it is safe to say that a car is a computer on wheels. Conventionally, all sensors can be divided into several groups according to the measurement method (active or passive), by signal conversion (discrete or continuous), by the method of signal transmission (wired or wireless), by the method of reading information (contact or contactless), and by the principle of operation (electronic or mechanical). The most common principles of sensor operation are: potentiometric, magnetoelectric, capacitive, magnetoresistive, inductive, piezoelectric, optical, fiber-optic, Wiegand, Hall, and others. Sensors are important parts of vehicle systems, without which their normal operation is impossible. At the same time, sensors are quite vulnerable devices; their failure is often caused by the influence of the external environment: water (precipitation), dust, and ambient temperature. More